Condition see scans.
The Bridal Morning - February 1840
Photographer Russell & Sons
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors. It was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire.
Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (the fourth son of King George III), and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After both the Duke and his father died in 1820, she was raised under close supervision by her mother and her comptroller, John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue. The United Kingdom was an established constitutional monarchy in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, she attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.
Victoria married her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840. Their children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe" and spreading haemophilia in European royalty. After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism in the United Kingdom temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. She died on the Isle of Wight in 1901. The last British monarch of the House of Hanover, she was succeeded by her son Edward VII of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)—by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.[1]
Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.[2] She was baptised Alexandrina after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of Kent's eldest brother George, Prince Regent.[3]
At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: the Prince Regent (later George IV); Frederick, Duke of York; William, Duke of Clarence (later William IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.[4] The Prince Regent had no surviving children, and the Duke of York had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. The Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarence's legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after York and Clarence. Clarence's second daughter was Princess Elizabeth of Clarence who lived for twelve weeks from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821 and, while Elizabeth lived, Victoria was fourth in line.[5]
The Duke of York died in 1827. When George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, Clarence, as William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive. The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for Victoria's mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.[6] King William distrusted the Duchess's capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided.
Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy.[53] Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.[54] When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's close proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking [sic] alternative".[55] Victoria showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.[56]
Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at Windsor.[57] They were married on 10 February 1840, in the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary:
I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could have hoped to have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness – really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such a Husband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before – was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life![58]
Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life.[59] Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square. After the death of Victoria's aunt, Princess Augusta, in 1840, Victoria's mother was given both Clarence and Frogmore Houses.[60] Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved.[61]
Contemporary lithograph of Edward Oxford's attempt to assassinate Victoria, 1840
During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.[62] He was tried for high treason, found not guilty by reason of insanity, committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.[63] In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis.[64] Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant,[65] viewed breast-feeding with disgust,[66] and thought newborn babies were ugly.[67] Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children: Albert Edward (b. 1841), Alice (b. 1843), Alfred (b. 1844), Helena (b. 1846), Louise (b. 1848), Arthur (b. 1850), Leopold (b. 1853) and Beatrice (b. 1857).
Victoria's household was largely run by her childhood governess, Baroness Louise Lehzen from Hanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria[68] and had supported her against the Kensington System.[69] Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended.
Alexandrina Victoria van Hannover (Kensington Palace, Londen, 24 mei 1819 – Osborne House, Isle of Wight, 22 januari 1901) was koningin van het Verenigd Koninkrijk van 1837 tot 1901 en vanaf 1877 tevens keizerin van India.
Koningin Victoria regeerde 63 jaar, zeven maanden en twee dagen en was, tot ze op 9 september 2015 werd overtroffen door koningin Elizabeth II, de langst regerende monarch in de Britse geschiedenis. Haar regeerperiode staat zowel in het Verenigd Koninkrijk als daarbuiten bekend als het victoriaans tijdperk (the Victorian era).
Victorian 1 (née Alexandrina Victoria, le 24 mai 1819 au palais de Kensington, à Londres et morte le 22 janvier 1901 à Osborne House sur l'Île de Wight) fut reine du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du 20 juin 1837 jusqu'à sa mort. À partir du 1er juillet 1867, elle fut également reine du Canada, ainsi qu'impératrice des Indes à compter du 1er mai 1876, puis enfin reine d'Australie le 1er janvier 1901.
Victoria était la fille du prince Édouard Auguste, duc de Kent et de Strathearn, le quatrième fils du roi George III. Le duc et le roi moururent en 1820 et Victoria fut élevée par sa mère d'origine allemande, la princesse Victoire de Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfeld. Elle est montée sur le trône à l'âge de 18 ans après la mort sans héritiers légitimes des trois frères aînés de son père. Le Royaume-Uni était déjà une monarchie constitutionnelle établie dans laquelle le souverain avait relativement peu de pouvoir politique. En privé, Victoria essaya d'influencer les politiques gouvernementales et les nominations ministérielles. En public, elle devint une icône nationale et fut assimilée aux normes strictes de la morale de l'époque.
Victoria épousa son cousin le prince Albert de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha en 1840. Leurs neuf enfants épousèrent des membres de familles royales et nobles européennes diverses, ce qui valut à Victoria le surnom de « grand-mère de l'Europe ». Après la mort d'Albert en 1861, Victoria sombra dans une profonde dépression et se retira de la vie publique. En conséquence de ce retrait, le républicanisme gagna temporairement en influence mais sa popularité remonta dans les dernières années de son règne grâce à ses jubilés d'or et de diamant qui donnèrent lieu à de grandes célébrations publiques.
Son règne de 63 ans et sept mois est le deuxième plus long de toute l'histoire du Royaume-Uni après celui d'Élisabeth II. Connu sous le nom d'époque victorienne, il marque une période de profonds changements sociaux, économiques et technologiques au Royaume-Uni et une rapide expansion de l'Empire britannique. Elle fut le dernier monarque britannique de la maison de Hanovre qui régnait sur les îles britanniques depuis 1714, car son fils et héritier, Édouard VII, appartenait à la lignée de son père, la maison de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha.
Victoria – gebürtig Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent – (* 24. Mai 1819 im Kensington Palace, London; † 22. Januar 1901 in Osborne House, Isle of Wight) war von 1837 bis 1901 Königin des Vereinigten Königreichs von Großbritannien und Irland, ab dem 1. Mai 1876 trug sie als erste britische Monarchin zusätzlich den Titel Kaiserin von Indien (Empress of India). Sie war die Tochter von Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, und Victoire von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Mit der Thronbesteigung Victorias am 20. Juni 1837 endete aufgrund des im Königreich Hannover geltenden Salischen Gesetzes, das Frauen von der Thronfolge ausschloss, die seit 1714 bestehende Personalunion zwischen Großbritannien und Hannover. Während der folgenden 63-jährigen Regierungszeit Victorias erreichte das Britische Empire den Höhepunkt seiner politischen und ökonomischen Macht, die Ober- und Mittelschichten erlebten eine beispiellose wirtschaftliche Blütezeit (Viktorianisches Zeitalter). Prägend für ihre Regentschaft waren der Einfluss ihres Ehemannes Albert von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha sowie ihr nahezu vollständiger Rückzug aus der Öffentlichkeit nach dessen Tod 1861. Insgesamt interpretierte Victoria ihre Rolle als konstitutionelle Monarchin sehr eigenwillig und durchaus selbstbewusst.
Mit einer Regierungszeit von insgesamt 63 Jahren, sieben Monaten und zwei Tagen war Victoria die am längsten amtierende britische Monarchin, ehe sie am 9. September 2015 von Elisabeth II. übertroffen wurde. Aufgrund ihrer zahlreichen Nachkommen erhielt sie den Beinamen „Großmutter Europas“; sie ist beispielsweise sowohl Ururgroßmutter der aktuellen Königin Elisabeth II. als auch von deren Ehemann Prinzgemahl Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Der Tod Victorias beendete die Herrschaft des Hauses Hannover, die mit der Thronübernahme ihres ältesten Sohnes Eduard VII. auf das Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha überging (1917 umbenannt in Haus Windsor).
The cabinet card was a style of photograph which was widely used for photographic portraiture after 1870. It consisted of a thin photograph mounted on a card typically measuring 108 by 165 mm (4 1⁄4 by 6 1⁄2 inches).
The carte de visite was quickly replaced by the larger cabinet card. In the early 1860s, both types of photographs were essentially the same in process and design. Both were most often albumen prints; the primary difference being the cabinet card was larger and usually included extensive logos and information on the reverse side of the card to advertise the photographer’s services. However, later into its popularity, other types of papers began to replace the albumen process. Despite the similarity, the cabinet card format was initially used for landscape views before it was adopted for portraiture.
Some cabinet card images from the 1890s have the appearance of a black-and-white photograph in contrast to the distinctive sepia toning notable in the albumen print process. These photographs have a neutral image tone and were most likely produced on a matte collodion, gelatin or gelatin bromide paper.
Sometimes images from this period can be identified by a greenish cast. Gelatin papers were introduced in the 1870s and started gaining acceptance in the 1880s and 1890s as the gelatin bromide papers became popular. Matte collodion was used in the same period. A true black-and-white image on a cabinet card is likely to have been produced in the 1890s or after 1900. The last cabinet cards were produced in the 1920s, even as late as 1924.
Owing to the larger image size, the cabinet card steadily increased in popularity during the second half of the 1860s and into the 1870s, replacing the carte de visite as the most popular form of portraiture. The cabinet card was large enough to be easily viewed from across the room when typically displayed on a cabinet, which is probably why they became known as such in the vernacular. However, when the renowned Civil War photographer, Mathew Brady, first started offering them to his clientele towards the end of 1865, he used the trademark "Imperial Carte-de-Visite."[1] Whatever the name, the popular print format joined the photograph album as a fixture in the late 19th-century Victorian parlor.
The reverse side of the card as seen above.
Ironically, early into its introduction, the cabinet card ushered in the temporary demise of the photographic album which had come into existence commercially with the carte de visite. Photographers began employing artists to retouch photographs (by altering the negative before making the print) to hide facial defects revealed by the new format. Small stands and photograph frames for the table top replaced the heavy photograph album. Photo album manufacturers responded by producing albums with pages primarily for cabinet cards with a few pages in the back reserved for the old family carte de visite prints.
For nearly three decades after the 1860s, the commercial portraiture industry was dominated by the carte de visite and cabinet card formats. In the decade before 1900 the number and variety of card photograph styles expanded in response to declining sales. Manufactures of standardized card stock and print materials hoped to stimulate sales and retain public interest in card photographs. However, as with all technological innovations, the public increasingly demanded outdoor and candid photographs with enlarged prints which they could frame or smaller unmounted snapshots they could collect in scrapbooks.
In no small part owing to the immense popularity of the affordable Kodak Box Brownie camera, first introduced in 1900, the public increasingly began taking their own photographs, and thus the popularity of the cabinet card declined.
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