Photo size: 23.50 x 29.40 cm.
From the private collection of
'Chef de protocole de la République française
Pierre-Marc Siraud
Le chef du protocole de la République est chargé du protocole du ministère des Affaires étrangères et du palais de l'Élysée. Il gère environ 500 agents. Il accueille notamment les ambassadeurs étrangers en France1 et les accompagne lors de la remise de leurs lettres de créance2. Il a la charge de l'organisation des grandes commémorations nationales (8 mai 1945, 14 juillet, 11 novembre 1918), des voyages officiels à l'étranger du président de la République, de la présentation de ses vœux, ou encore des visites officielles d'hôtes étrangers en France.'
ORIGINAL signed large photo of King Mohammed Zahir Shah
Mohammed Zahir Shah (Pashto/Dari: محمد ظاهر شاه, 15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007) was the last king of Afghanistan, reigning from 8 November 1933 until he was deposed on 17 July 1973.[2] Serving for 40 years, Zahir was possibly the longest-serving ruler of Afghanistan since the foundation of the Durrani Empire in the 18th century, disputed with his earlier successor nearly a century prior, Dost Mohammad Khan, who also ruled for 40 years. He expanded Afghanistan's diplomatic relations with many countries, including with both sides of the Cold War.[3] In the 1950s, Zahir Shah began modernizing the country, culminating in the creation of a new constitution and a constitutional monarchy system. Demonstrating nonpartisanship,[4] his long reign was marked by peace in the country that was lost afterwards.[5]
In 1973, while Zahir Shah was undergoing medical treatment in Italy,[6] his regime was overthrown in a coup d'etat by his cousin and former prime minister, Mohammed Daoud Khan, who established a single-party republic, ending more than 225 years of continuous monarchical government.[7] He remained in exile near Rome until 2002, returning to Afghanistan after the end of the Taliban government. He was given the title Father of the Nation, which he held until his death in 2007.
Zahir Shah was born on 15 October 1914, in a city quarter called Deh Afghanan in Kabul, Afghanistan.[1] He was the son of Mohammad Nadir Shah (1883–1933) a senior member of the Mohammadzai Royal family and commander in chief of the Afghan Army for former king Amanullah Khan, and of Begum Mah Parwar Begum (d. 1941), a Pashtun tribe woman. Nadir Shah assumed the throne after the execution of the self-proclaimed ruler of Afghanistan Habibullah Kalakani on 1 November 1929.[8] Mohammad Zahir's father, son of Sardar Mohammad Yusuf Khan, was born in Dehradun, British India, his family having been exiled after the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Nadir Shah was a descendant of Sardar Sultan Mohammad Khan Telai, half-brother of Emir Dost Mohammad Khan. His grandfather Mohammad Yahya Khan (father in law of Emir Yaqub Khan) was in charge of the negotiations with the British resulting in the Treaty of Gandamak. After the British invasion after the killing of Sir Louis Cavagnari during 1879, Yaqub Khan, Yahya Khan and his sons, Princes Mohammad Yusuf Khan and Mohammad Asef Khan, were seized by the British and transferred to the British Raj, where they remained forcibly until the two princes were invited back to Afghanistan by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan during the last year of his reign (1901). During the reign of Amir Habibullah they received the title of Companions of the King (Musahiban).
Zahir Shah was educated in a special class for princes at Elementary Primary built in 1904 by United Kingdom Habibia High School, many subjects were taught in English, and for Secondary education he went to the Amaniya High School (built during the reign of King Amanullah by France, in which many subjects were taught in French. This school was renamed by Nadir Shah as Esteqlal High School[9] after the fall of King Amanullah. For example, Prince Zahir Shah had to study in Infanterie Military School in winter (school year in Kabul, 21 March to November). Then he was sent to France for further training.[10] He continued his education in France where his father had served as a diplomatic envoy, studying at the Pasteur Institute and the University of Montpellier.[11] When he returned to Afghanistan he helped his father and uncles restore order and reassert government control during a period of lawlessness in the country.[12] He was later enrolled at an Infantry School and appointed a privy counsellor. Zahir Shah served in the government positions of deputy war minister and minister of education.[10]
Last king of Afghanistan
Studio photograph of Zahir Shah in military uniform, seated in a heavy, carved armchair (1930s)
Zahir Khan was proclaimed king (shah) on 8 November 1933 at the age of 19, after the assassination of his father Mohammad Nadir Shah. After his ascension to the throne he was given the regnal title "He who puts his trust in God, follower of the firm religion of Islam".[10] For the first almost thirty years he did not effectively rule, ceding power to his paternal uncles, Mohammad Hashim Khan and Shah Mahmoud Khan, both serving as prime ministers.[13] This period fostered a growth in Afghanistan's relations with the international community as during 1934, Afghanistan joined the League of Nations while also receiving formal recognition from the United States.[14] By the end of the 1930s, agreements on foreign assistance and trade had been reached with many countries, most notably with the 'Axis powers': Germany, Italy, and Japan.[15]
Zahir Shah provided aid, weapons and Afghan fighters to the Uighur and Kirghiz Muslim rebels who had established the First East Turkestan Republic. The aid was not capable of saving the First East Turkestan Republic, as the Afghan, Uighur and Kirghiz forces were defeated during 1934 by the Chinese Muslim 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) commanded by General Ma Zhancang at the Battle of Kashgar and Battle of Yarkand. All the Afghan volunteers were killed by the Chinese Muslim troops, who then abolished the First East Turkestan Republic, and reestablished Chinese government control over the area.[16]
Despite close relations to the Axis powers, Zahir Shah and his governments refused to take sides during World War II and Afghanistan remained one of the few countries in the world to remain neutral. From 1944 to 1947, Afghanistan experienced a series of revolts by various tribes.[17] After the end of the Second World War, Zahir Shah recognised the need for the modernisation of Afghanistan and recruited a number of foreign advisers to assist with the process.[18] During this period Afghanistan's first modern university was founded.[18] During his reign a number of potential advances and reforms were derailed as a result of factionalism and political infighting.[19] He also requested financial aid from both the United States and the Soviet Union, and Afghanistan was one of few countries in the world to receive aid from both the Cold War enemies.[20] In a 1969 interview, Zahir Shah said that he is "not a capitalist. But I also don’t want socialism. I don’t want socialism that would bring about the kind of situation [that exists] in Czechoslovakia. I don’t want us to become the servants of Russia or China or the servant of any other place."[21]
He was considered a relatively "mild" leader compared to previous Kings; Zahir Shah had never signed a warrant for execution of anyone for political reasons during his reign. He also used his power several times to reduce capital punishment given to some criminals convicted in court cases.[4] At Zahir Shah's behest a new constitution was introduced in 1964 which made Afghanistan a modern democratic state by introducing free elections, a parliament, civil rights, women's rights and universal suffrage.[18]
At least five Afghani little Pul coins during his reign bore the Arabic title: المتوكل على الله محمد ظاهر شاه,[22] "AlMutawakkil 'ala Allah Muhammad Zhahir Shah" which means "The leaner on God, Muhammad Zhahir Shah". The title "AlMutawakkil 'ala Allah", "The leaner on God" is taken from Quran 8:61.
By the time he returned to Afghanistan in 2002, his rule was characterized by a lengthy span of peace.[23]
Exile
See also: 1973 Afghan coup d'état
In 1973, while Zahir Shah was abroad in Italy,[24] his cousin Mohammad Daoud Khan staged a coup d'état and established an autocratic republican government. As a former Prime Minister, Daoud Khan had been forced to resign by Zahir Shah a decade earlier[23] and felt that Zahir Shah lacked leadership and that the parliamentary system prevented real progressivism.[25] In August 1973,[26][23] Zahir Shah sent a letter from Rome to Khan in Kabul declaring his abdication, saying he respected "the will of my compatriots" after realizing the people of Afghanistan "with absolute majority welcomed a Republican regime".[27]
Zahir Shah lived in exile in Italy for twenty-nine years alongside his wife Queen Humaira Begum and some other royal family members. Initially they lived in a three‐room apartment on Rome's Via Cassia. In the same city, relatives of the 1920s King Amanullah Khan, of the same house of Barakzai, still lived. President Daoud Khan continued to send money to them in Italy which were incomes from property and estates of the former royal family. After the Saur Revolution, the leftist Khalq government cut all incoming money to Italy.[28]
Zahir eventually lived in a villa in the affluent community of Olgiata on Via Cassia, north of Rome, where he spent his time playing golf and chess, as well as tending to his garden.[12][29][30] He was financially supported by the Shah of Iran since the new Afghan government failed to provide him a monthly salary. The Shah also supported his two sons who were studying in the United States and Canada.[31] He was prohibited from returning to Afghanistan during the late 1970s by the Soviet-assisted Communist government. In 1983 during the Soviet–Afghan War, Zahir Shah was cautiously involved with plans to develop a government in exile. Ultimately these plans failed because he could not reach a consensus with powerful Islamist factions.[10] It has also been reported that Afghanistan, the Soviet Union and India had all tried to persuade Zahir Shah to return as chief of a neutral, possibly interim, administration in Kabul.[32] Both the Soviet Union and the United States sent representatives to meet him, and President Mohammad Najibullah supported Zahir Shah to play a role in a possible interim government in the quest for peace.[33] In May 1990, Zahir Shah issued a long statement through Voice of America and the BBC calling for unity and peace among Afghans, and offering his services. This reportedly led to a spark of interest and approval among the Kabul populace. However, the idea of a revived political role for Zahir Shah was met with hostility by some, notably radical Islamist Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.[34]
In 1991, Zahir Shah survived an attempt on his life by a knife-wielding assassin masquerading as a Portuguese journalist.[23] After the fall of the pro-Soviet government, Zahir Shah was favored by many to return and restore the monarchy to unify the country and as he was acceptable to most factions. However these efforts were blocked mostly by Pakistan's ISI, who feared his stance on the Durand Line issue.[35] In June 1995, Zahir Shah's former envoy Sardar Wali announced at talks in Islamabad, Pakistan, that Zahir Shah was willing to participate in peace talks to end the Afghan Civil War,[36] but no consensus was ever reached.
Return to Afghanistan
Zahir Shah is seated at the far right during the oath ceremony of Hamid Karzai on 7 December 2004.
On 18 April 2002, at the age of 87 and four months after the end of Taliban rule, Zahir Shah returned to Afghanistan, flown in an Italian military plane, and welcomed at Kabul's airport by Hamid Karzai and other officials.[37] His return was widely welcomed by Afghans, and he was liked by all ethnic groups.[38][39] There were proposals for a return to the monarchy –[23] Zahir Shah himself let it be known that he would accept whatever responsibility was given him by the Loya Jirga,[40] which he initiated in June 2002.[40] However he was obliged to publicly renounce monarchical leadership at the behest of the United States as most of the delegates to the Loya Jirga were prepared to vote for Zahir Shah and block the U.S.-backed Hamid Karzai.[40] While he was prepared to become chief of state he made it known that it would not necessarily be as monarch: "I will accept the responsibility of head of state if that is what the Loya Jirga demands of me, but I have no intention to restore the monarchy. I do not care about the title of king. The people call me Baba and I prefer this title."[23] Karzai called Zahir Shah a "symbol of unity, a very kind man" and a "fatherly figure."[39]
He visited his father's tomb soon after arriving in Kabul and reportedly gasped after witnessing rocket holes and gunfire damage on the tomb caused by the civil war.[41]
Hamid Karzai, who was favored by Zahir Shah, became president of Afghanistan after the Loya Jirga.[42] Karzai, from the Pashtun Popalzai clan, provided Zahir Shah's relatives with major jobs in the transitional government.[43] Following the Loya Jirga he was given the title "Father of the Nation" by Karzai,[44] symbolizing his role in Afghanistan's history as a symbol of national unity. This title ended with his death.[45] In August 2002 he relocated back to the Arg, his old palace, after 29 years.[42]
In an October 2002 visit to France, he slipped in a bathroom, bruising his ribs, and on 21 June 2003, while in France for a medical check-up, he broke his femur.
On 3 February 2004, Zahir was flown from Kabul to New Delhi, India, for medical treatment after complaining of an intestinal problem. He was hospitalized for two weeks and remained in New Delhi under observation. On 18 May 2004, he was brought to a hospital in the United Arab Emirates because of nose bleeding caused by heat.
Zahir Shah attended the 7 December 2004 swearing-in of Hamid Karzai as President of Afghanistan. During his final years, he was frail and required a microphone pinned to his collar so that his faint voice could be heard.[23] During January 2007, Zahir was reported to be seriously ill and bedridden.
Death
Tomb of Zahir Shah
On 23 July 2007, Zahir Shah died in the compound of the presidential palace in Kabul after a prolonged illness. His death was announced on national television by President Karzai,[23][46] who said "He was the servant of his people, the friend of his people, he was a very kind person, kind hearted. He believed in the rule of the people and in human rights."[47] His funeral was held on 24 July. It began on the premises of the presidential palace, where politicians and dignitaries paid their respects; his coffin was then taken to a mosque before being moved to the royal mausoleum on Maranjan Hill in eastern Kabul.[48]
5 Afghan afghani (1961)
Obverse: Portrait of Mohammed Zahir Shah with lettering "* محمد ظاهر * دافغانستان" (Mohammed Zahir Afghanistan) on top and "۱۳۴-۱۳۸۱" (1340-1381) at bottom. Reverse: Wheat ear flank on the side and denomination in the centre. Lettering "پنج" (five), "۵" (5) and "افغانی" (Afghanis).
Afghani coin from reign of Shah who was king of Afghanistan from 1933 (1340) to 1973 (1381).
Postage stamp, 1971
Personal life
Zahir Shah was reportedly shy, modest and "soft-spoken". He liked photography, chess,[20][49][50] and smoking cigars.[51]
Zahir Shah was fluent in Pashto,[52] Dari (his mother tongue), and could speak English and perfect French.[29]
To his family he was known as Baba.[53]
Family
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He married his first cousin Humaira Begum (1918–2002) on 7 November 1931 in Kabul. They had six sons and two daughters:
Name Birth Death Marriage Their children
Date Spouse
Princess Bilqis Begum 17 April 1932 (age 90) 1951 Abdul Wali Khan Princess Humaira Begum
Princess Wana Begum
Princess Mayana Khanum
Crown Prince Muhammed Akbar Khan 4 August 1933 26 November 1942 (aged 9)
Crown Prince Ahmad Shah Khan 23 September 1934 (age 87) 1961 Khatul Begum Prince Muhammad Zahir Khan
Prince Muhammad Emel Khan
Princess Hawa Khanum
Princess Maryam Begum 2 November 1936 25 December 2021 (aged 85)[54]
Prince Muhammed Nadir Khan 21 May 1941 3 April 2022 (aged 80)[55] 6 February 1964 Lailuma Begum Prince Mustapha Zahir Khan
Prince Muhammad Daud Jan
Prince Shah Mahmoud Khan 15 November 1946 7 December 2002 (aged 56) 18 April 1966 Safura Begum Princess Bilqis Khanum
Princess Ariane Khanum
Prince Muhammed Daoud Pashtunyar Khan 14 April 1949 (age 73) 2 February 1973 Fatima Begum Prince Duran Daud Khan
Princess Viona Khanum
Princess Noal Khanum
married Muhammad Ali, Prince of the Sa'id
Prince Mir Wais Khan 7 January 1957 (age 65)
In January 2009 an article by Ahmad Majidyar of the American Enterprise Institute included one of his grandsons, Mustafa Zahir, on a list of fifteen possible candidates in the 2009 Afghan presidential election.[56] However, Mostafa Zaher did not become a candidate.
Titles and styles
Styles of
Mohammed Zahir Shah of Afghanistan
Emblem of Afghanistan (1931-1973).svg
Reference style His Majesty
Spoken style Your Majesty
During his reign, His Majesty Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan.
Mohammad Zaher Shah (en pachto et en dari : محمد ظاهر شاه ; né le 15 octobre 1914 à Kaboul et mort le 23 juillet 2007 à Kaboul) est le dernier roi d’Afghanistan de 1933 à 1973. Pachtoune sunnite, il appartenait à la dynastie Mohammadzaï (du clan des Barakzaï lui-même issu de la tribu des Durrani).
Mohammad Zaher Shah est né à Kaboul le 15 octobre 1914, second fils de Mohammad Nadir Shah, futur roi d’Afghanistan, et de son épouse Mah Parwar Begum.
Il fait ses premières classes au lycée français Esteqlal puis au collège Habiba de Kaboul, poursuit ses études en France, où son père est ministre plénipotentiaire, à Paris au lycée Janson-de-Sailly puis au lycée Michelet et enfin à Montpellier. Il intègre l’École des officiers d’infanterie à Kaboul en 1930.
Il est ministre de la Guerre en 1932-1933 et de l’Éducation en 1933.
Sur le trône
Il règne du 8 novembre 1933 au 17 juillet 1973 sur l’Afghanistan. Il succède à son père Mohammad Nadir Shah après l’assassinat de celui-ci par le jeune Abdul Khaliq. Il a alors 19 ans.
En 1934, il fait adhérer l’Afghanistan à la Société des Nations. En 1936, il signe des accords commerciaux avec l’URSS et conclut, en 1937, des pactes avec la Turquie, l’Iran et l’Irak.
En août 1940, le roi convoque une Loya Jirga, assemblée traditionnelle réunissant les chefs religieux, tribaux et militaires, pour proclamer la neutralité de son pays pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Mais l’idéologie du temps était la supériorité des Pachtounes sur les autres ethnies. La « pachtounisation » forcée des mœurs provoque une rébellion armée des Hazaras à la fin des années 1950.
En 1946, l’Afghanistan est admis aux Nations unies.
En 1947, contestant le tracé de la ligne Durand de 1893, il vote contre l’admission du Pakistan à l’ONU. La partition du Pakistan et de l’Inde encourage Zaher Chah à remettre sur le tapis l’idée du Pachtounistan, dans l’espoir de récupérer les actuelles zones tribales pakistanaises, prises à l’Afghanistan par les Britanniques sous le règne d'Abdur Rahman Khan. Il déclare nuls et non avenus tous les accords précédents concernant la ligne Durand (la frontière imposée par les Britanniques entre l’Inde et l’Afghanistan). La tension avec le Pakistan et le blocus en 1950 des importations afghanes par ce pays amène Zaher Chah à se tourner vers l’Union soviétique.
En 1953, le prince Mohammad Daoud Khan, cousin et beau-frère de Zaher Shah, devient Premier ministre. Alors que les Américains essaient d’obtenir un accord de défense avec l’Afghanistan tout en privilégiant leurs relations avec le Pakistan, les Soviétiques développent leur pénétration économique, construisant des barrages, des usines et des stations électriques, sans pour autant négliger leur soutien militaire.
Article détaillé : Condition des femmes en Afghanistan#Règne de Mohammad Zaher Shah (1933-1973).
En 1959, il encourage la scolarisation et l'émancipation des femmes et en particulier leur donne le droit de ne pas porter de voile1.
En 1964, il fait élaborer une nouvelle Constitution qui transforme la monarchie constitutionnelle de 1931 en monarchie parlementaire. Cette Constitution, inspirée de la Constitution de la Ve République française, est adoptée par une Loya Jirga réunie le 9 septembre 1964 à Kaboul.
Le 17 juillet 1973, il est déposé par son cousin l’ancien Premier ministre, Mohammad Daoud Khan, pendant qu’il est en voyage en Europe. Il abdique pour éviter le bain de sang le 24 août 1973 et Daoud proclame la République.
Entre la démission de son beau-frère Daoud en 1963 et le coup d’État de ce dernier en 1973 eut lieu la « période constitutionnelle ». La liberté de parole devient une réalité et des partis d’opposition sont créés, en particulier des partis communistes et des partis islamistes.
L’exil et le retour
Zaher Shah se réfugie en Italie et vit en exil à Rome, jusqu’à la chute du régime des talibans en 2001, chute à laquelle il a puissamment contribué en menant une action fédératrice de tous les opposants.
Le roi Zaher, assis à la droite de l’image, le jour de l’investiture d’Hamid Karzai, le 7 décembre 2004.
Après les accords de Bonn de décembre 2001, qui ont organisé la transition politique du pays après la chute du régime des talibans, il retourne en Afghanistan en 2002. Il préside la Loya Jirga (assemblée) de juin 2002 qui désigne Hamid Karzai comme président d’un gouvernement de transition. Ayant déclaré ne pas souhaiter retrouver son trône, Mohammad Zaher Shah se voit décerner le titre officiel de Père de la nation le 15 juin 2002. Il retourne vivre définitivement à Kaboul le 4 août 2002.
En dépit de son âge, il continue de donner de nombreuses audiences tant à des notables afghans qu’à toutes les personnalités internationales de passage à Kaboul et exerce une influence discrète sur la vie politique.
Il meurt le 23 juillet 2007 à Kaboul.
Famille
De son mariage le 7 novembre 1931 avec sa cousine germaine Humaira Begum (1918-2002), il a six fils et deux filles.
la princesse Bilqis Begum (née le 17 avril 1932).
le prince Mohammad Akbar Khan (4 août 1933 – 26 novembre 1942).
le prince héritier Ahmad Shah (né le 23 septembre 1934), prétendant au trône à la mort de son père.
la princesse Maryam Begum (2 novembre 1936 – 25 décembre 2021).
le prince Mohammad Nadir Khan (21 mai 1941 – 3 avril 2022).
le prince Shah Mahmoud Khan (15 novembre 1946 – 7 décembre 2002).
le prince Mohammad Daoud Pashtunyar Khan (né le 14 avril 1949), père de Noal (née en 1978) qui épouse Mohamed Ali Fouad (né en 1979), prince héritier du trône d'Égypte.
le prince Mir Wais Khan (né le 7 janvier 1957).
Mohammad Zaher Shah est le beau-frère d'Homayoun Assefi.
Décorations
Grand collier de l’ordre Pahlavi (Iran)2
Collier de l’ordre de Muhammad Ali (en) (Égypte)
Grand-croix de l'ordre de la Légion d’honneur (France) le 7 décembre 19493
Chevalier grand-croix au grand cordon de l'ordre du Mérite de la République italienne (Italie)
Grande Étoile de Yougoslavie
Nishan-e-Pakistan
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